Contrasting wolf responses to different paved roads and traffic volume levels

Abstract In some regions of the world, large carnivores, such as wolves, persist in landscapes with dense networks paved roads. However, beyond general impacts roads on wildlife, we still lack information carnivore responses to different types and traffic volume levels. Using wolves NW Spain a case study, show how respond differently road classes depending size, speed limit volume. All evaluated (25 GPS collared wolves) crossed Overall, during 3,915 sampling days, recorded 29,859 wolf crossings. Wolf crossings all were at mean rate 0.022 crossings/day/km (95% CI 0.016–0.027). Wolves low more frequently, often night, order lessen chances encountering traffic. We found mortality be highest high How interact should considered landscape planning strategies guarantee long-term persistence human-dominated landscapes. our case, results support an increasing focus primary (class II) identify segments these where mitigation efforts prioritised. Our study also highlights importance considering when studying impact wildlife.